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DIRECTIONS: Choose the best answer for each question. Skin: The Body’s Canvas [E] In some cultures, scarring – a marking caused by cutting or burning the skin – is practiced, usually among people who have darker skin on which a tattoo would be difficult to see. For many men in West Africa, for instance, scarring is a rite of passage – an act that symbolizes that a male has matured from a child into an adult. In Australia, among some native peoples, cuts are made on the skin of both men and women when they reach age 16 or 17. Without these, they were traditionally not permitted to trade, sing ceremonial songs, or participate in other activities.In paragraph E, what is a rite of passage?

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best answer for each question. What is Beauty? [F] Take another example: In every culture, one’s hairstyle sends a clear message. In the Huli culture of Papua New Guinea, men grow their hair long as a symbol of health and strength. Teenage boys in this culture learn from a young age to style and decorate their hair – a behavior more commonly associated with the opposite gender in many cultures. It is also the men in this culture who are the objects of beauty. For certain festivals and celebrations, men dress up and paint their faces. The more colorful a man is, the more masculine – and attractive – he is considered.What is the purpose of paragraph F?

DIRECTIONS: Complete the sentences using the words in the box.desireconform todevotegenderconsumersfeaturesnotionassociated withsubjectiveuniformIf you compare clothing from 60 years ago with those worn by people today, there has been a noticeable change in what people are wearing. In the 1960s, clothing was differentiated by either 1 __________. Skirts and dresses were mostly 2 __________ clothes for women, leaving slacks to men and boys. In an office or workplace, the men would all wear an identical style of dark-colored jackets and ties, like a(n) 3 __________. The very 4 __________ of casual Friday, with everyone wearing jeans, would be astonishing.However, what hasn’t changed from the 1960s is that 5 __________, both male and female, still love spending money on clothes. People still 6 __________ a lot of time to shopping and choosing clothing. The 7 __________ to look good is still strong. Many people still want to 8 __________ what their peers are wearing, and others still want to show off their best physical 9 __________ through their fashion choices. Even when everyone seems to be wearing the same style, 10 __________ choices of color and accessories make each person’s outfit unique. (1) ______________

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best answer for each question.What is Beauty?[A] The search for beauty spans centuries and continents. Paintings of Egyptians dating back over 4,000 years show both men and women painting their nails and wearing makeup. On the other side of the globe, the ancient Maya of Central America considered crossed eyes beautiful, and hung little balls between children’s eyes to develop this look. In 18th-century France, wealthy noblemen wore large wigs of long white hair to make themselves attractive. In cultures throughout the world, people have gone to extreme lengths to achieve beauty.[B] Today, people continue to devote a lot of time and money to their appearance. According to a recent report, one out of three consumers globally say they are spending more money on beauty and health-care products than ever before. Worldwide, sales of makeup, dieting, hair- and skin-care products – as well as gym memberships and cosmetic surgery – generate billions of dollars every year. And there is at least one good reason for the desire to be attractive: Beauty is power. Studies suggest that good-looking people make more money, get called on more often in class, and are perceived as friendlier.[C] But what exactly is beauty? Trying to define it is difficult, and yet we know it when we see it – or so we think. “Beauty is health,” says one psychologist. “It’s a billboard saying, ‘I’m healthy. I can pass on your genes.'” And our awareness of it may start at a very early age. In one set of studies, six-month-old babies were shown a series of photographs. The faces in the pictures had been rated for attractiveness by a group of college students. In the studies, the babies spent more time looking at the attractive faces than the unattractive ones.[D] The idea that even babies judge appearance makes perfect sense to many researchers. In studies done by psychologists such as Victor Johnston at New Mexico State University and David Perrett at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, men regularly showed a preference for women with certain features: larger eyes, clear skin, fuller lips, and a smaller nose and chin. Another study suggests that women prefer men with large shoulders and a narrow waist. According to scientists, the mind unconsciously tells men and women that these traits – the full lips, clear skin, strong shoulders – equal health and genetic well-being. In other words, it’s a fundamental part of human nature to look for these qualities in a mate.[E] Not everyone agrees with this notion, however. “Our hardwiredness can be altered by all sorts of expectations – predominantly cultural,” says C. Loring Brace, an anthropologist at the University of Michigan. What is considered attractive in one culture might not be in another. Look in most Western fashion magazines, for example, and the women on the pages are thin. But is this the “perfect” body type for women worldwide? Douglas Yu, a biologist from Great Britain, and Glenn Shepard, an anthropologist at the University of California at Berkeley, say no. For them, what is considered beautiful is subjective and varies around the world. Yu and Shepard found in one study, for example, that native peoples in southeast Peru preferred shapes regarded as overweight in Western cultures.[F] Take another example: In every culture, one’s hairstyle sends a clear message. In the Huli culture of Papua New Guinea, men grow their hair long as a symbol of health and strength. Teenage boys in this culture learn from a young age to style and decorate their hair – a behavior more commonly associated with the opposite gender in many cultures. It is also the men in this culture who are the objects of beauty. For certain festivals and celebrations, men dress up and paint their faces. The more colorful a man is, the more masculine – and attractive – he is considered.[G] For better or worse, beauty plays a role in our lives. But it is extremely difficult to define exactly what makes one person attractive to another. Although there do seem to be certain physical traits that are considered universally appealing, it is also true that beauty does not always conform to a single, uniform standard. In the end, beauty really is, as the saying goes, in the eye of the beholder. The following sentence would be best placed at the end of which paragraph?People are willing to pay for this advantage, so much so that the global cosmetic industry earns more than $170 billion dollars a year.

DIRECTIONS: Complete the sentences using the words in the box.desireconform todevotegenderconsumersfeaturesnotionassociated withsubjectiveuniformIf you compare clothing from 60 years ago with those worn by people today, there has been a noticeable change in what people are wearing. In the 1960s, clothing was differentiated by either 1 __________. Skirts and dresses were mostly 2 __________ clothes for women, leaving slacks to men and boys. In an office or workplace, the men would all wear an identical style of dark-colored jackets and ties, like a(n) 3 __________. The very 4 __________ of casual Friday, with everyone wearing jeans, would be astonishing.However, what hasn’t changed from the 1960s is that 5 __________, both male and female, still love spending money on clothes. People still 6 __________ a lot of time to shopping and choosing clothing. The 7 __________ to look good is still strong. Many people still want to 8 __________ what their peers are wearing, and others still want to show off their best physical 9 __________ through their fashion choices. Even when everyone seems to be wearing the same style, 10 __________ choices of color and accessories make each person’s outfit unique. (7) ______________

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage. Choose the main idea of each paragraph.Hair: Why Do We Care?[A] It is estimated that the average woman in America usually goes through over 100 different hairstyles during her adult life. There are many women who will proudly claim that they have had hair of various lengths, styles, and colors. Although men are not thought to make alterations as frequently as women, some men do make dramatic changes to their hairstyles at key moments in their lives. These facts lead to a crucial question: What is it that makes people change their hairstyles? To answer this, we must turn to the discipline of psychology.[B] The first reason that psychologists provide is fairly straightforward. The way our hair looks is directly associated with our age. For most people, aging causes some degree of anxiety. Hiding the fact that we are getting older can thus help to relieve this stress. For men who are gradually losing their hair, a new hairstyle can help cover a noticeable bald spot. For women, a new color can cover up the appearance of gray hairs. In short, changes to hairstyle can go a long way in maintaining an individual’s appearance of youthfulness. [C] According to psychologists, a second common reason why people change their hair is because an attractive hairstyle is a great way to make a first impression. Since it frames our face, our hair is one of the physical features most clearly remembered after meeting someone for the first time. Interestingly, it is even more noticeable than other common elements of our appearance. When we walk into a room with a new haircut and a new pair of jeans, it is common for most people in the room to notice the former rather than the latter. For this reason, it is no real surprise that people often go to the hair salon before a job interview or their first day at a new company or school.[D] The desire to demonstrate control over our lives is the third main reason that psychologists provide. Studies show that men and women often change their hairstyles during a period of personal difficulty. Although this sometimes occurs after the loss of a job or relocation to a new city or country, the most common situation is after a breakup.1 By changing our hairstyles, we provide evidence to both ourselves and the world around us that we are in control of our lives. As Amy Lewis explains, changing hairstyles can be “empowering, especially when you feel like other aspects of your life are out of control.” [E] The reason why hair is often chosen to demonstrate self-control is because it is one of the easiest things to change. Paying for a new hairstyle, after all, is much cheaper than buying a whole new wardrobe2 and much less permanent than getting a tattoo. Furthermore, our hair is an extremely visual, and thus noticeable, aspect of ourselves. [F] With this information in mind, the next time you visit your hairstylist, you should ask yourself: What is my real motivation for changing my hair? 1 A breakup is when a romantic relationship ends between two people.2 A wardrobe is all the clothes that someone has. Paragraph D

__________ includes the ability to discern evidence-based and unbiased information in media in order to make sound judgments.

__________ is Piaget’s term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained.

Mrs. Nichol is trying to explain to her son that everyone has bad hair days and it’s not the end of the world. Jack refuses to leave the house because he knows the humiliation he will endure will go on for months. This shows an example of .

An advantage of questionnaires with a closed question format is that they __________.