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If more criminals are sent to prison, the incarceration rate should go down.  This is referred to as:

Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and less likely to complete  school  than children who do not grow up in low-income households.

Strain theory holds that crime is a function of:

The “Twinkie defense” brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial behavior.

According to Shaw and McKay, a ____ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.

Cultural  deviance theory combines elements of relative-deprivation and differential opportunity theories.

_____, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality.

Social structure theories suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas push many residents into criminal behavior patterns.

According to the author, the most important wielder of informal social control is religion.

_______theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.