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Waldensianism was given legal sanction by the papacy in the late 12th century and became an orthodox monastic order within the Roman Catholic Church.  

The Visigothic dynasty in Spain was plagued by disputed royal elections and successions and resulting dynastic instability.

Waldensianism was given legal sanction by the papacy in the late 12th century and became an orthodox monastic order within the Roman Catholic Church.  

The Visigothic dynasty in Spain was plagued by disputed royal elections and successions and resulting dynastic instability.

Waldensianism was given legal sanction by the papacy in the late 12th century and became an orthodox monastic order within the Roman Catholic Church.  

As Christian influence in Spain spread southward in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries,

Between 950 and 1250, there was a major global climate change when

Between 950 and 1250, there was a major global climate change when

The Visigothic dynasty in Spain was plagued by disputed royal elections and successions and resulting dynastic instability.

Prior to Muhammad beginning to teach his prophecy and his new faith, Arabic peoples