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​Chuck is a middle-aged white man who is extremely liberal politically, and firm in his belief that all ethnic and racial groups should be given equal opportunities to succeed. Even so, Chuck never had friends who were minorities when he was growing up, and he sometimes feels uncomfortable interacting with minorities. Chuck is most likely ____.

​Research on positive illusions and goal-setting indicates that ____.

In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate (“Elaine”) receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate (similar group), or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate (dissimilar group). After the first two trials had been completed, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate—she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that, in the dissimilar group, ____ agreed to switch places.​

​Jennifer is a student at UCLA. When asked to describe the average UCLA student, she says it is almost impossible to do so because “there are so many different kinds of people at UCLA; the diversity is really amazing.” By contrast, when asked to describe the average USC student, Jennifer says: “That’s easy; they’re all almost exactly the same.” Social psychologists would say that Jennifer is displaying what is known as the ____.

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things—by direct experience and by observing others.​

​In terms of intergroup relationships, a stereotype can best be described as ____ and a prejudice as ____.

Informational social influence helps to produce ____, while normative social influence may merely elicit ____.​

The prisoner’s dilemma is best described as a(n) ____.​

As discussed in the text, the sociologist Phil Kunz once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. He received a total of 117 cards in return, as well as several phone calls—despite the fact that he did not know any of these people. Kunz’s findings provide good evidence of ____.​

​Dierdre smokes a pack of Marlboro Reds every day. Social psychologists would say that this is a self-defeating behavior ____.