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An 80 year old man has not seen a doctor in 15 years.. He has recently had trouble sleeping and since his previous physician retired several years ago, he identified a physician in town that is accepting new patients. Upon physical examination, blood pressure is 160/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 70 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 14 breathes/min. The patient has never been treated for hypertension and recalls no previous blood pressure concerns. What is the most likely cause of the hypertension in this patient?

An adult with pulmonary hypertension complains of edema in their lower extremities. Their physical examination reveals pathologically increased JVD (jugular venous distention) and hepatomegaly. The patient does not complain of cough or shortness of breath. Their lungs are clear to auscultation. What do you conclude?

What ECG lead primarily registers cardiac electrical vectors moving toward the feet?

What is the terminology for the valvular lesions seen in this image, taken from a lupus patient?

A 74-year-old woman develops substernal chest pain for several hours but does not see a physician. Two days later she is found dead by her daughter at home. Autopsy shows coagulative necrosis with neutrophil infiltration in the myocardium. Other vital organs show no abnormality on autopsy. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s death?

Where is the L-type calcium channel physically expressed in the cell?

The image depicts the normal relationship between the cardiac cycle, LV volume and LV pressure (LVP). ESPVR is the End systolic pressure-volume relationship whereas EDPVR is the End diastolic pressure-volume relationship. If compliance is defined as the change in volume per change in pressure (compliance = DV/DP), which statement is true about the LV compliance in systole versus diastole?

A 70 y/o man presents with a 1 month history of worsening dyspnea, orthopnea, lower extremity edema, and unintentional weight gain. On examination, the patient is afebrile, has bibasilar rales, S3 gallop, and pitting edema in the lower extremities. Chest X-ray shows cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema. Which one of the following conditions is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms?

Given the ECG tracing in a person who is unresponsive to stimulation, what is the diagnosis?

A patient has a large mass on his heart valve and blood cultures are positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Which one of the following treatment courses is most appropriate? Tx = treatment.