A 4‑year‑old child (weight 18 kg) is brought to the emergenc…

A 4‑year‑old child (weight 18 kg) is brought to the emergency department by EMS for continuous generalized tonic–clonic seizure activity lasting 7 minutes. The child has no known seizure disorder. EMS was unable to establish intravenous access prior to arrival, and the child is actively seizing on assessment. According to the American Epilepsy Society evidence‑based guideline, which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacologic therapy?

A 7‑year‑old child with focal seizures has been stable on ca…

A 7‑year‑old child with focal seizures has been stable on carbamazepine for several years but is now experiencing breakthrough seizures and significant hyponatremia. The neurology team is considering switching to a newer agent. Which rationale best explains why a second‑generation AED such as oxcarbazepine may be preferred over a first‑generation AED like carbamazepine?