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a. Briefly describe the Vaughan Williams classification scheme for antiarrhythmic drugs. Name ONE representative drug for each class.  (4 marks) b. Drugs belonging to which TWO of the named classes are currently recommended for long-term rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation?  (1 mark)

Discuss the medicinal chemistry behind the design of the typical antipsychotics, and rationalise the specific side-effects associated with this class of drug. (5 Marks)

A 60 year old male, has a long history of bipolar disorder and recently he has been diagnosed with angina. Before he started treatment with lithium he had frequent episodes of suicidal depression. Equally problematic were episodes of hypomania, which proved to be destructive to his family life and job.   a. Explain in detail the mechanism of action of lithium on bipolar disorder?                                                                                                                                                                                            (2 Marks)   b. List the minor /reversible side effects of lithium on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal and central nervous system (including neuromuscular) in the presence of a steady state plasma concentration (0.4 – 1 mmol/L)                                                                                                                                                                                  (3 Marks)

75. Gender barriers are one of the causes why there’s an underrepresentation of women in (STEM). 

EP, a 70-year-old patient with a history of coronary artery disease, has been prescribed simvastatin 40 mg daily. He has come to your community pharmacy, and says that his neighbour told him that he was unable to drink a particular kind of fruit juice with his statin, but he can’t remember what they said. Which ONE of the following would you advise EP to avoid?

A drug solution has a UV absorbance of 0.758 at 267 nm in a 1 cm cuvette. The specific absorbance at this wavelength is 375. Calculate the concentration of the drug in this solution.  

Explain the functional consequences of acute urinary tract obstruction.  (5 marks)

Which of the following drugs would be a poor choice in a 70-year-old elderly woman with depressive symptoms due to the drug having significant alpha-1 (α1) receptor antagonism and thus a higher risk for falls due to orthostatic hypotension?  

Section B This section comprises 4 Short-Answer Questions(Questions 31-34). Attempt THREE questions only. Each question carries 5 marks. Do not spend more than 45 minutes on this section

There are five colors of candy within an original Skittles bag of candy:  Red, orange, yellow, green, and purple.  In the table below, is the number of each color in one bought bag of original Skittles.   Use this information to determine the probability of pulling from the bag a blue Skittle.