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Today, domestic violence is viewed as a societal problem that is appropriately dealt with by the criminal justice system. 

Because deadly force is so controversial, police officers confronted by a suspect with a knife are now trained to shoot the knife out of the suspect’s hand so long as the suspect is within 21 feet of the officer. 

In a lawsuit filed by a plaintiff who alleges she was the victim of excessive force by the police, a jury decision in favor of the defendant officer(s) means that the force was objectively reasonable and did not violate the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. 

Any use of force by the police beyond what is reasonably necessary is considered excessive and violates the subject’s 4th Amendment right to be free of an unreasonable seizure.

Any identification procedure used by the police must avoid suggesting the suspect’s identity to the witness

an important source of information is a confidential informant, who is a person who is registered with and compensated by a police agency in exchange for providing information or performing a service, such as a controlled purchase of drugs. 

an officer can legally question a suspect in custody without Miranda warnings once the suspect makes a spontaneous, unprompted admission or confession

The police have probable cause to arrest A for a series of burglaries. They know that A lives in the apartment building at 24 E. Main Street. The building has 12 apartments. The police are able to enter the building because the front door is unlocked. Once inside, they go to the second floor where A’s apartment is located. Note that the police do not have either an arrest warrant or a search warrant. Surprisingly, they encounter A in the hallway outside of his apartment. Can the police arrest him there?

courts have consistently held that investigatory questions during a brief detention upon reasonable suspicion under the 4th Amendment is not as intrusive as custodial interrogation under the 5th Amendment, and therefore does not require Miranda warnings.

Carlos explained his experience. What happened?