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Botulism is caused by a/an _________ from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

A 38‑year‑old woman presents with bilateral wrist and MCP joint swelling, prolonged morning stiffness, and fatigue. Her anti‑CCP returns positive. What class of medication is considered first‑line for long‑term disease modification?

Which of the following is the most characteristic early clinical feature of rheumatoid arthritis?

Which of the following features is MOST characteristic of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?

Which T‑score confirms the diagnosis of osteoporosis?

One of the key benefits of an individual or a firm purchasing insurance is that:  The individual or firm is trading the “unknown” possibility of a loss event occurring (which would cause you a negative financial consequence) = for the “known” cost of an insurance product (i.e. the cost of the insurance premium).  Which benefit of insurance is the above outlining? 

When an individual or a firm purchases an insurance contract – they are purchasing which of the following elements / benefits: I. Provides security and protection of their most important assets II. Provides peace of mind, minimizing worry about uncertain events and potential losses III. Provides certainty, trades the possibility of an unknown/uncertain loss event for the known/certain cost of an insurance premium

6A. Planetary Differentiation (15pts Total, in two parts): (Part 1 of 2) 1.  [8pts] Briefly describe the Goldschmidt Classification of elemental affinities, as it pertains to differentiation of early Earth. (Be sure to include the names and important characteristics of the four different classification).  2. [2pts] What effect did the oxidizing nature of the solar nebula, from which Earth accreted, have on the subsequent differentiation of Earth and the formation of its layers? In other words, how might the composition of Earth’s mantle be different if the nebula had been reducing?  

5. Differentiation in the first 10s of million years of the Solar System (10pts Total]: 1) (5pts) Provide an explanation/example of what is meant by the statement “Our solar system is heterogeneous in composition.” Read 1) and 2) to avoid redundancy in answering. 2) (5pts) How is a protostar similar and yet different from a main-sequence star. 3) (5pts) Compare how planetary accretion of nebular material by planets was different the accretion disk prior to development of the protostar vs after the development of the protostar. Before   After  

10. Plotting in Ternary Space (6pts Total)  Earth’s core is composed of a Ni-Fe alloy, whereas its mantle is composed predominately of three silicate minerals that compose a rock known as a peridotite. USE the Ternary Diagram below to Quantify the approximate percentage range of each of the end-member minerals that defines the composition of the mantle (shaded green area). Your answers should be within 5% of the minimum and maximum for each end-member mineral and place your answers in the Table below.    *Be sure you get the Maximum and Minimum values in the correct column for the correct row. Mineral Name Max% Min% Olivine [1] – [2] Clinopyroxene [3] – [4] Orthopyroxene [5] – [6]