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13.  As discussed in lecture, one of the disadvantages of Marxism with regard to dealing with crime is that they Marxists have few solutions for the present time, and instead simply state that crime will be a non-issue once society becomes just.a.  trueb.  false

40.  Norval Morris argues that…a.  the rehabilitative ideal suffers from empirical defects b.  the rehabilitative ideal suffers from moral defectsc.  retributive sentencing goals pose human rights problemsd.  all of the above

38.  The Minnesota sentencing guidelines use a grid with the vertical axis relating to the severity of the present offense and the horizontal axis relating to…a.  mitigating circumstancesb.  race, ethnicity, and genderc.  criminal historyd.  number of victims

24.  With desert theory of punishment, the emphasis is on what the offender should fairly receive for his crime, rather than on how punishment might affect his future behavior or that of others.a.  trueb.  false

1.  There are two major types of retributivist theories according to the textbook:  those which focus on how punishment is justified, and those which focus on practical questions about sentencing policy and what judges should do in individual cases.a.  trueb.  false

8.  What is true about expressive punishment, according to Feinberg?a.  it vindicates the lawb.  permits society to disavow the unlawful actc.  absolves others of guiltd.  all of the above

2.  Which below is a common property (or common feature) of all retributivist theories?a.  they all rely on religious underpinningsb.  they apportion the punishment to the moral gravity of the offensec.  they emphasize on positive outcomes from punishmentd.  all of the above

4.  Expressive theories of punishment are so labeled because they view punishment as expressing…a.  compassionb.  the worth of the offenderc.  condemnationd.  none of the above

_____ projections are images taken with a longitudinal angulation of the central ray of 10 degrees or more.

The difference between the actual subject and its radiographic image is called