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Initially a disruptive force, the ___________ played a major role in the creation of new kingdoms and cultural patterns after the decline of the Carolingian Empire.

Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that

Having helped lead Byzantium to a successful defense of Constantinople, Emperor Leo III initiated the iconoclast movement to strengthen his control over the Orthodox Church and to

The Crusades had little to do with the revival of trade during the High Middle Ages.

Alfred the Great’s state was similar in many ways to the Carolingian state. What was the main difference?

During the High Middle Ages, the trade (craft) guilds regulated economic activity, provided social services, and performed social functions in towns and cities. 

The First Crusade began as an attempt to aid Constantinople. During the Fourth Crusade, ________.

European mathematics advanced greatly after

The seven liberal arts that the universities of Europe established as their curriculum were divided into the

The expansion of the Byzantine Empire during the tenth and early eleventh centuries was assisted by