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All of the following structures serve to stabilize synovial joints except

46. Below are some of the reactions of the Kreb’s Cycle. Carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis are supplied by intermediates of the Kreb’s Cycle . Which intermediate of the Kreb’s Cycle shown below would supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a “5-carbon” amino acid? (Hint- pay attention to the 6 carbon molecule citrate that starts the Kreb cycle and where CO2 is released!)   

51. Below are the reactions of Ethanol Fermentation. Which molecule is losing electrons and being oxidized in the process of fermentation so the process of glycolysis can continue?     

BONUS! (2pts.) Aerobic Prokaryotes are able to run the Electron Transport Chain to generate ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation. How cool! However, prokaryotes do not possess organelles like mitochondria where the Electron Transport Chain occurs. So where in these aerobic prokaryotes do you expect the reactions of the Electron Transport Chain can occur?

Which of the following joints has the greatest range of movement?

40. Below are some reactions of Glycolysis. How is ATP being generated in STEP E?   

12. The chemical Cyanide is toxic because it binds with molecules involved in ATP production and inhibits their activity.  Based on this, following exposure to cyanide where would you expect to find cyanide concentrated in a cell? (Which organelle makes ATP!)

48. Hydrogen cyanide is a nasty toxin and has been used for chemical warfare.  Once inside the human body, cyanide reacts with hemoglobin and prevents oxygen from binding to hemoglobin.  When this happens, oxygen levels lower, and which of the following cellular processes that uses “oxygen” will be inhibited? 

Pigment-producing cells in the epidermis are ________. 1.

2. The following image of a mitochondria was observed under which of the following types of microscopes (notice the “internal” membranes of the mitochondria)?