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Defendant is on trial for the murder of her husband. She is accused of shooting him, but she claims he committed suicide. Defendant called Alpha, an operator for a suicide-prevention clinic, to testify that Defendant’s husband had called the clinic on more than one occasion threatening to “end it all.” The judge should rule the testimony:

Today, using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party would NOT usually qualify as deviance because

Corporal punishments like branding or amputation were commonly used in colonial America. What were these punishments designed to do?

Plaintiff was injured in a car accident and brought suit. She hired an economist, Alpha, to testify on her behalf. Alpha testifies that she reviewed Plaintiff’s medical expenses, lost earnings, and rehabilitation expenses. She also consulted tables for life expectancy rates. Plaintiff’s counsel then asks Alpha to calculate the total monetary loss sustained by Plaintiff. Defense counsel objects. The court should find Alpha’s testimony is:

Defendant began to sell drugs in a neighborhood of his town. Defendant’s friend, Alpha, told him, “You should stop selling drugs in that neighborhood. That’s Beta’s drug turf, and Beta killed the last person who sold drugs in his neighborhood.” The next day, Defendant saw Beta, and, fearing for his life, killed Beta. At his trial for murder, Defendant wants to testify as to Alpha’s statement in order to prove that Beta once killed a rival drug dealer who sold drugs on his turf. The prosecutor objects. The testimony is:

Halwani believes ‘casual sex’ is:

Plaintiff’s house burned down, and she suspected that a defective furnace was the cause. She sued the furnace manufacturer. At trial, Plaintiff called a furnace specialist who testified that she reviewed the design of the furnace, reports pertaining to burn patterns, and reports as to Plaintiff’s injuries from the fire. The specialist then proposes to testify that the injuries were caused by the furnace. The court should find the testimony is:

According to Halwani, fungibility is necessarily (always) wrong.

Defendant was charged with murder after killing Victim in a fight. The defense calls Alpha, who testifies that Victim was the aggressor in the fight. Alpha also testifies that he has known Defendant for years and that, in his opinion, Defendant is a peaceful man. The prosecution then calls Beta to the stand to testify that Victim was a peaceful man. Beta’s testimony will be:

According to Halwani, someone might think that fungibility is morally wrong because it is like treating people like pens or paper cups.