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Case study #6 Clostridium botulinum is the causative agent of botulism. This Gram-positive, anaerobic bacillus is commonly found on plants, in soil and water, and in the intestinal tract of some animals. The main virulence factor of C. botulinum is botulism toxin, which is a protein neurotoxin that causes muscle paralysis. Death results from paralysis of respiratory muscles. Genetic analysis has led to the understanding that C. botulinum has acquired its toxin genes from lysogenic bacteriophages. Adults who ingest C. botulinum spores alone generally do not become ill. However, adult botulism will result after ingestion of food containing botulinum toxin. Boiling and common chemical treatments used for water denatures botulism toxin. Infantile botulism, rather, results after children under the age of one ingest foods, such as honey, which contains C. botulinum spores but no botulinum toxin. Once inside the infant gut, these spores germinate and botulism toxin is produced after colonization. Treatment for botulism requires injections of botulinum antitoxin, pre-made antibodies that are administered to the patient as quickly as possible.   Choose all that apply. What (which) levels of protein structure are destroyed after exposing a sample of botulinum toxin to boiling water or water treatment chemicals?

Choose all that apply: Components of the innate immunity include which of the following?

Case study #3 Dental caries (dental decay) is the result of solubilization (dissolving) of tooth enamel by acid. The microbes associated with cavities, usually the Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species living in biofilms as plaque, produce organic acids as the waste product of a specific metabolic pathway. Regular tooth brushing and chewing gum after meals, which increases saliva production, and are the two leading methods that can be preformed daily to prevent tooth decay.   Choose all that apply: How do the microbes living as plaque differ from their free-living forms?

Characteristics of nitrogen include all of the following, EXCEPT?

Case study #3 Dental caries (dental decay) is the result of solubilization (dissolving) of tooth enamel by acid. The microbes associated with cavities, usually the Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species living in biofilms as plaque, produce organic acids as the waste product of a specific metabolic pathway. Regular tooth brushing and chewing gum after meals, which increases saliva production, and are the two leading methods that can be preformed daily to prevent tooth decay.   Choose all that apply: How do the microbes living as plaque differ from their free-living forms?

Characteristics of nitrogen include all of the following, EXCEPT?

The following exercise will provide a rotational stretch to open the:

Case study #5 Listeria monocytogenes is a chemoheterotrophic facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium that can act as a human pathogen or as a saprobe, depending on its environment. This bacillus-shaped cell is motile, moving with peritrichous flagella. This bacterium has a high salt tolerance and can multiply readily at 4 oC (refrigerator temperatures). L. monocytogenes is part of the normal gut microbiota of many farm animals, including cows. Deli meats, hot dogs, and unpasteurized cheese and milk are likely sources of this pathogen. Many antibiotics can be used to treat infection with L. monocytogenes, including drugs that target peptidoglycan biosynthesis, the small ribosomal subunit of bacteria, and folic acid biosynthesis.   While L. monocytogenes can survive hypertonic environments, most other bacterial cells in this environment will undergo

What instructions should the nurse provide to the patient who had an intrauterine device (IUD) inserted?

Case study #5 Listeria monocytogenes is a chemoheterotrophic facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium that can act as a human pathogen or as a saprobe, depending on its environment. This bacillus-shaped cell is motile, moving with peritrichous flagella. This bacterium has a high salt tolerance and can multiply readily at 4 oC (refrigerator temperatures). L. monocytogenes is part of the normal gut microbiota of many farm animals, including cows. Deli meats, hot dogs, and unpasteurized cheese and milk are likely sources of this pathogen. Many antibiotics can be used to treat infection with L. monocytogenes, including drugs that target peptidoglycan biosynthesis, the small ribosomal subunit of bacteria, and folic acid biosynthesis.   While L. monocytogenes can survive hypertonic environments, most other bacterial cells in this environment will undergo