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The technology and scale economies that enable producers and manufacturers to operate at a low average cost for production are:

Manufacturers’ agents are often referred to as:

The concept of specialization and division of labor:

Ten producers of garden tools all sell through one wholesaler to five retailers. The number of contacts needed for all of the manufacturers to contact all of the retailers is __________. If the wholesaler were eliminated from the channel, the number of contacts needed would be:

Channels that have not been designed have taken on their existing structure through:

There are generally considered to be _______ reasons for making channel design decisions.

Competition between Kmart and Wal-Mart is an example of:

A relatively new technology that uses an electronic tag to track people or products using radio waves is called?

Large retailers tend to have ________ power over their smaller manufacturers or suppliers.

The corporate level planning process is concerned with: