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Aldosterone’s effect on the DCT results in the retention of which substances? Select all that apply.  

Please answer the following two questions for an extra 2 bonus points! 1) As you are finishing this class, what is your biggest takeaway to carry with you? 2) If you are asked by someone interested in taking this course next semester, what is your advice for them?

A patient presents with difficulty digesting proteins and complains of feeling full after eating small amounts. Testing shows that the stomach is highly acidic, but protein digestion is still impaired. Which cell type is most likely underperforming in initiating protein digestion?

A 32-year-old Matilda in her third trimester comes to the clinic for a routine prenatal visit. She reports frequent urination, mild shortness of breath when climbing stairs, occasional heartburn after meals, and dizziness when lying flat on her back. You, the nurse explains that many pregnancy symptoms occur because the uterus affects nearby organs. Her frequent urination happens because the uterus presses on the , reducing how much urine it can comfortably hold. Her shortness of breath occurs partly because the uterus pushes the upward, limiting full expansion. When she lies flat, the enlarged uterus may compress the vena cava, reducing blood return to the heart and causing . Her heartburn occurs when acidic stomach contents move into the esophagus because pregnancy can relax the lower esophageal . Matilda was grateful for the time you took to sit with her and talk. Great job!!

What functions are unique to the area labeled C?

Click the area that contains the respiratory centers.

A 76-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with severe dehydration after two days of vomiting and poor fluid intake. Her blood pressure is low, her mouth is dry, and her urine appears dark and concentrated. Her posterior pituitary releases increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to help conserve body water. What happens to her urine volume in response to increased ADH?

To move oxygen from the air in the lungs to the tissues, oxygen must diffuse down its partial pressure gradient. Which set of partial pressure of oxygen PO₂ (in mmHg) at the alveolus –> systemic capillaries –> tissues, respectively, best supports oxygen movement from air to tissue?

Click the area where the gas exchange happens.

Again, this question is testing to see if you can apply the most important concept in this course: Anatomy defines Physiology. Explain why the afferent arteriole must have a larger diameter (lower resistance) than the efferent arteriole to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Include the role of hydrostatic pressure and net filtration pressure in your explanation.