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What is alkaptonuria and which British physician studied it in 1902?  Why is his research into this condition important? [2 pts]

During a physical examination of upper extremity function, you notice that your patient is able to shrug both shoulders against resistance. Which one of the following nerves must be functional to allow for normal shoulder shrugging?

Physical examination of a teenager several days after a bicycle accident reveals that digits four and five (pinky and ring fingers) of the patient’s left hand are numb. Which of the following structures is most likely to have been damaged in this patient?

Given the following equilibrium: N2O4 2NO2 At 298K the equilibrium constant is 0.113. In a certain experiment the initial pressure of N2O4 is 0.453atm and the initial pressure of NO2 is 0.122 atm. Calculate the delta G of the reaction and predict the direction in which the reaction will proceed spontaneously to reestablish the equilibrium. Note of you solve for the direction using the equilibrium expression you still have not determined Delta G of the reaction so you will only get 7  points.

Photosynthesis utilizes light energy to create carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.  Write the equation for photosynthesis (make sure you balance the equation).  Where does the oxygen that is generated during photosynthesis come from?  Where does the water that is generated during photosynthesis come from? [2 pts]

Following a fracture of the skull base, a patient complains of numbness in the skin overlying the chin and lower jaw, and extending up into the temporal region-anterior to the external ear. Damage to which one of the following would best account for this patient’s numbness?

What is photorespiration, what does it do, and why would a C3 plant use it? [1.5 pts]

A sample weighs 8 grams and has undergone 3 half lives. What did it originally weigh?

A patient who recently had the tip (apex) of her tongue pierced (see image) complains of persistent pain and redness in and around the piercing site. You make a diagnosis of bacterial infection secondary to the piercing procedure. Based upon the location of the infection, which of the following lymph nodes would the infection most likely spread to first?  

During a procedure to biopsy lymph nodes from the mid-jugular chain, a surgeon accidentally cuts the internal laryngeal nerve. Which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of this action?