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The gross area accounts for holes in the structure whereas the net area ignores the presence of holes.

The symbol L represents _______.

What is the effective hole diameter to accommodate a 1/2 in. bolt? Use standard hole sizing.

In LRFD, the load factor for the snow load in load combination 2 is ____.

A 1/2 in. x 8 in. plate must resist a service dead load of 37 kips and a service live load of 44 kips in tension. The plate is connected to a gusset with six 5/8 in. bolts. Standard sizing is used for the bolt holes. The steel is ASTM A572 Grade 60: Fy = 60 ksi, Fu = 75 ksi. Assume that Ae = An. Using ASD, does the plate have enough strength?

In LRFD, the load factor for the live load in load combination 2 is ____.

Up to the proportional limit, the relationship between stress and strain for structural steel is linear and follows _______.

For ASD, the safety factor for fracture is ____.

A tensile test was performed on a specimen with a circular cross section. The diameter was measured to be 0.770 inch. Two marks were made along the length of the specimen and were measured to be 2.350 inches apart. This distance is defined as the gage length, and all length measurements were made between the two marks. The specimen was loaded to failure. Fracture occurred at a load of 20,500 pounds. The specimen was then reassembled, and the diameter and gage length were measured to be 0.278 inch and 2.625 inches. Determine the reduction in cross-sectional area as a percentage.

A column in a building is subjected to the following load effects. If ASD is used, what is the required nominal strength of the column for a safety factor Ω of 2.00?12 kips compression from dead load3 kips compression from roof live load7 kips compression from snow4 kips compression from wind