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Pope Gregory VII, in an attempt to assert more papal authority over the church, declared that any layperson, including rulers, who appointed a church official should face what action?

Confucius redefined the term gentleman (or junzi) as which of the following?

One division between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims is the question of who interprets the Qur’an and the Sunna. Who has that authority for the Shi’a?

How did the Song prevent the Khitans from invading?

Following the conversion of North Africans to Islam, where did the deepest penetration of Islam occur south of the Sahara?

Arianism was condemned by Constantine at what council in 325?

Confucius redefined the term gentleman (or junzi) as which of the following?

Mahavira was the founder of what Indian religion?

Arianism was condemned by Constantine at what council in 325?

How was the Greek polis different from older models of city-states?