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What emerging field of study, which often involved measurement of skull size and theories of evolving species, gave whites scientific excuses for their racial preconceptions of blacks as unintelligent and backward?

Despite the end of the slave trade in 1808, some smugglers continued to import slaves to the United States from Africa illegally.

After the United States entered the war in 1917–three years after it began–President Wilson desegregated the military in an effort to promote racial equality.

How did the invention of the cotton gin, a machine used to remove the seeds from cotton lint mechanically, lead to an expansion of slave labor in the US?

US military planners used what statistic to mathematically gauge their success in the Vietnam War?

After proper black combat units were finally organized under the name United States Colored Troops, where did these black regiments fight?

What African-American institution prayed a crucial role from Reconstruction through the twentieth century, not just in its primary role but as sources of charity, public leadership, and education?

Black artistic talent in numerous forms and media flowered in what neighborhood of New York, eventually leading to a “renaissance” of African-American music and literature?

What document, passed by Congress near the end of the war in January 1865, ultimately freed the slaves and ended three centuries of slavery in North America?

Thousands of black families left the South in an “exodus” for what region beginning around 1880?