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Qualified immunity applies as a defense against a civil suit when an officer

Rokeach data suggest that police place a high value on professional fulfillment that takes place within the framework of a social organization that is

Sir Robert Peel is sometimes called the patriarch of police professionalism.

Rokeach found that police value systems were

“According to Damasio (1994), when we make a choice and act on it, the outcome of our action has a lasting emotional effect that tells us if we were rewardes or not. This is known as a “

“The magic pencil is a form of noble-cause corruption, in which police officers write up an incident in a way that criminalizes a subject.”

Groups or cohorts of corrupt officers who socialize new officers into corrupt activities are called grafting subcultures.

Police corruption from the late 1800s to the early 20th century was characterized by

“According to Van Maanen, “”assholes”” are”

The purpose of a crackdown is to both increase the certainty that offenders will be caught and to