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100. The most famous set of written laws of the ancient world was a code based on punishment via physical retaliation, “an eye for an eye,” but the severity of punishment was dependent on one’s class standing. This code was known as the ______.

61. Which of the following is a pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression and eventually escalates to violent crime?

99. The American legal system is a direct descendent of _____.

84. Criminologist Cathy Widom hypothesized that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes the survivor to becoming violent themselves in later years. Her hypothesis commonly is called ___________.

93. Using humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony is called ________.

38. __________ reflects the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual’s emotional traits and responses to criminality.

92. A movement that considers punitive crime control strategies to be counterproductive and favors the use of humanistic conflict resolution to prevent and control crime is known as ________.

90. Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as ______.

74. Programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process, thus avoiding the stigma of a criminal label.

35. Cohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration and where people develop interpersonal ties are also likely to develop ______.