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Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy. This __________ environmental influence is known as __________.

If a research study reveals a positive correlational relationship between aggressive behavior in children from low socioeconomic homes and levels of exposure to aggressive television, socioeconomic status may be an important factor in explaining both levels of aggressive behavior and amount of time spent watching aggressive television. In this example, socioeconomic status is the __________.

Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of __________.

Which developmental approach looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain processes by considering internal, mental processes focused on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and cognitive behavior?

The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on __________.

The __________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable behaviors and outside stimuli in the environment.

Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, __________ may occur.

________ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Explain the differences between the terms race and ethnic group.

Dr. Who conducts research to compare the relationship between the use of instant messaging and academic performance. His results reveal that the more time adolescent students spend using instant messaging on their computers, the lower their academic performance. Dr. Who’s findings suggest __________.