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The Richter scale for the severity of earthquakes has magnitudes expressed in whole numbers, usually between 3 and 9, but since it is a logarithmic scale, each whole-number step represents about __________ times more energy than the preceding whole-number step.

Rocks are classified based on __________.

The deflection of one lithospheric plate under another is called __________.

In which type of rocks would you expect to find fossils?

Any indication of prehistoric life preserved in rock is called

Alfred Wegener speculated that the present continents were once part of a single supercontinent that he named __________, which broke apart about 200 million years ago allowing its sections to somehow drift to their present positions.

One yard is __________a meter.

A naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic element or compound that possesses a fairly definite chemical composition and a distinctive set of physical properties is a __________.

A form of precipitation that results from convection cycles in clouds is

The Holocene epoch began when