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Although the Japanese Emperor was the divinely appointed ruler of the country, true power in 1500s Japan was held by these Feudal Lords, who controlled their own lands and opposed each other

The powerful Shogun Tokugawa united Japan under his rule alone in 1603, and pushed for isolationism and to outlaw and prohibit these people from practicing or entering the country.

Standard home freezing is highly effective at preserving bacteria in a dormant state rather than reliably killing them.

Peter the Great, who became the Tsar in 1682, established absolute authority in Russia and made the Tsar into this type of powerful ruler:

This Caribbean island would become the first independent nation in the world that won it’s autonomy via a slave rebellion, though it would take thousands of lives and 13 years to achieve it.

Prokaryotic cells divide by a highly complex, multi-step process involving mitotic spindle fibers known as mitosis.

The movement of a bacterial cell toward a light source to maximize photosynthetic energy generation is termed:

Most human pathogens fall under the classification of psychrophile because their optimum growth range matches cold room temperatures.

In natural environments, microbes typically grow in complex, multi-species biofilm communities rather than isolated pure cultures.

The city of Timbuktu, found directly in the middle of the Sahel region just south of the Sahara Desert, was famous for this – a result of the exchange of cultures in the city because of the intersecting trade routes.