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How did the global economy encourage western expansion in the United States between the 1860s-1900?

What was the primary difference between President Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” foreign policy and President Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”?

During the absolute refractory period the majority of sodium inactivation gates are closed and permeability to potassium is higher than at rest. 

If a neuron has low membrane conductance, it means that membrane resistance is high and that very few channels are open for a given ion.

To separate sodium and potassium currents in voltage clamp recordings you could add [toxin1] to pharmacologically block potassium currents or [toxin2] to pharmacologically block sodium currents (abbreviations ok). Name one animal you can obtain this deadly agent from [animal]. (1.5pts)

If [K+]i remains constant while we experimentally decrease [K+]o, the membrane potential will [depolarize / hyperpolarize / not change]. Why will you see this effect in Vm?  (2pts)

The glial cell type that function in maintaining the appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling are called ______________________________.

If [Na+]i remains constant while we experimentally decrease [Na+]o… What will happen to the peak of the action potential? It will become [dropdown].

If ECl- = -80 mV and we make the membrane potential more negative (Vm = -85 mV), what will the driving force be? Which will be larger Cl- influx / Cl- efflux?  Explain WHY? (2pts)

Which of the following statements is true regarding the two allowance procedures used to estimate bad debts?