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Which of these is not considered a negative consequence of discretion?

Bertillon measurements were replaced by:

Turf wars between the different levels of law enforcement agencies (federal, state, and local) is a consequence of:

The two main avenues for civil litigation against police officers are state tort law and the Fifth Amendment. True or false?      

Full-time professional policing, as it is generally known today, began in the early 1900s in New York City.     

Which of the following is not a property crime?

The two types of state tort claims are negligence torts and intentional torts. True or false?         

Crime can be graded into categories, which is not a category of crime?

Which of these is not one of the four types of police deviance identified by Kappeler, Sluder and Alpert in Forces of Deviance: Understanding the Dark Side of Policing?     

When looking for evidence, which of these can police search without being bound by the 4th Amendment?