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According to Nathan Smith, “The humanity formulation focuses on how we ought to treat rational beings, whether oneself or others. Kant thought that every person possesses the same inherent value and worth because we are all rational beings.” Immanuel Kant explains, “So act that you use humanity, in your own person as well as in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means” (Kant 1997a, 4:429). “The humanity formulation therefore asks us to consider whether our actions treat others and ourselves as ends, as entities valuable in themselves, or whether we seek to reduce rational beings to the status of a mere means, as valuable only in that they help us achieve our goal” (Introduction to Philosophy, Ch. 9.3). Directions: Apply the humanity formulation to the following scenario. A doctor in the ER is pronouncing a patient dead when he notices the patient is not an organ donor. The patient has viable organs that could help at least three other people in the hospital who have been waiting for transplants. According to the humanity formulation, is it ethical for the doctor to change this deceased patient’s organ donation status? Why, or why not?

INSTRUCTIONS: Write TWO essays of approximately 400-500 words each (roughly 4-6 hand-written pages). You must choose one prompt for each group (Ideas and Arts & Culture). You will have 100 minutes to complete both essays. Students in the online section of this course will type their essays in Canvas. You may use a 3×5 inch note card on the day of the exam with any notes that you think will help you complete your essay. You will not be permitted to use any other resources. Remember to use examples from the course material to support your argument.  This assignment is worth 10% of your final grade. DO NOT PRESS THE TAB KEY WHILE TYPING YOUR EXAM! Ideas (Choose one from the list of topics to develop your first essay. Using at least three examples from art, literature, drama, music, philosophy, film, etc., illustrate how the humanities during the modern era reflected the shift from the optimism in the 19th century to the fear and suspicion of the 20th century. Beginning with the scientific revolutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Enlightenment saw the rise of new scientific discoveries that progressively undermined not only the ancient conception of the world, but with it, the entire set of beliefs that had served to guide society. How does Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein(1818) reflect the fear of scientific knowledge, especially in relation to social moral order.  Art and Culture (Choose one from the list of topics to develop your second essay.) Explain some of the motivations that led the Romantics to turn back to the natural world in their artistic productions. Cite one or two specific artists, poets, or works of art that help support your position.  Discuss the role of the Royal Academy in 18th- and 19th-century Europe, and explain how the European avant-garde challenged and ultimately replaced the Academy as the leaders of cultural taste in the late-19th Cite at least two avant-garde movements and how their work in art, literature, and/or music have challenged traditional understandings of the humanities. Use the response box below to write your essay, then click the Submit Quiz button to submit your essay.

An intrinsic sense of duty that we are born with is called prima facie duty. 

Which cells could be called suicide cells because the chemicals that they secrete not only kill the “bad guys” but also themselves?

Which organ is referred to as a red blood cell graveyard?

Build a term that means enlargement of the liver. 

What is area #3 composed of?

Build a term that means removal of the tonsils. 

 What is included in the definition of PHI?

A nurse is administering several medications via a client’s gastrostomy tube. At which of the following times should the nurse instill 15 to 30 mL of warm water? (Select all that apply.)