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less O2 is required for a given amount of glucose oxidized.

results in growth signal receptors all being degraded.

mitochondria are the cells ONLY way of producing ATP.

(A) Diagram how aberrant exocytosis/endocytosis homeostasis participates in altering cancer cell response to growth factors and leads to malignancy and metastasis (2 pts.) (B) Diagram and label the key organelles of a eukaryotic cell. In this diagram compare the make-up (topology) of the lumen and membrane(s) of various organelles.  What does their make-up suggest about their evolutionary origins?  From this comparison how can the various organelles be grouped? (4 pts.) (C) Indicate the three main protein trafficking mechanism and where they occur.  What organelles are connected and what proteins are trafficked by each mechanism? (3 pts.) (D) Diagram what is meant by “polarized” protein secretion. (2 pts.) (E) Early endosomes function as the sorting site of endocytosed material.  Diagram and briefly describe the four possible fates for an endocytosed molecule after reaching the early endosome in polarized cells. (4 pts.)

increasing the Na+ concentration inside the cell.

Questions 59-63 Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg Effect

Which of the following is a hypothesis for the evolution of sexual reproduction that states that sexual reproduction helps to retain characters that were once beneficial, but may not be now?

suggest that the nucleus was originally a symbiotic prokaryote.

only form vesicles that constitutively fuse with the target membrane.

causes cancer cells to become greatly polarized in membrane function.