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Which of the following is an example of the second step in critical thinking?

__________ said, “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”

What is the prevalence ratio?

Using all of the above information, do you think blood lead level is a confounder or effect modifier of the association between low birth weight and delayed development in this study population? Provide justification.

Both case control studies and nested case-control studies are prone to recall bias

Males have advantages of more power and prestige in society; therefore boys experience fewer problems in school socially and academically.

_____ are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

To determine whether there is evidence of an association between the potential confounder (blood lead level) and the exposure (low birth weight) would you use (a) the entire cohort of children, (b) only those children with delayed development, or (c) only those children with normal development?

The magical thinking of “vaccine doubters” and antiscience families can be held responsible for the reintroduction of __________ to the United States.

Estimate (calculate) the appropriate measure of association for the second stratum.