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Which organ is responsible for removing urea and excess minerals from the blood? 

What is the most common type of kidney stone? 

What should a person avoid until a health professional removes it after receiving a stent? 

The last day to withdraw from this class without penalty and receive a W is November 13.

Insulin resistance is associated with increased risk of: 

Which supplement should individuals check with a doctor before using to reduce kidney stone risk? 

Suppose a team of researchers conducted a retrospective cohort study on the effect of childhood adverse events on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD, which is a type of anxiety disorder) among adults aged 18-25. For their study, the researchers randomly selected a sample of 2,000 adults aged 18-25 living in the United States.   The researchers found a risk ratio of 2.32 indicating that individuals who experienced adverse childhood events had a 2.32 times higher risk of developing OCD compared to individuals who did not experience any adverse childhood events. The researchers wonder to what extent the finding from their study is valid for adults aged 18-25 living in Canada.   What is the type of validity are the researchers wondering about?

Papanicolaou (Pap) smears are used as a screening tool for cervical cancer. Suppose a study finds that pap smears have a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 97%.   What is the correct interpretation of the specificity of 97%?

Since the 1960s, whenever NASA embarks on an important mission, those in the control center eat peanuts for good luck. According to Schein’s framework, the ritual of eating peanuts is an example of

Suppose that a group of researchers performed a prospective cohort study on the association between obesity and colon cancer. To determine colon cancer status, participants underwent a colonoscopy. Table 1 shows the exposure-group specific sensitivity and specificity of colonoscopies for detecting colon cancer.   Table 1. Hypothetical data on the sensitivity and specificity of colonoscopies across individuals without and with obesity.     Individuals without obesity Individuals with obesity Colonoscopy Sensitivity 79% 71% Specificity 93% 93%   Based on the information in Table 1, will there be no misclassification, nondifferential misclassification, or differential misclassification of colon cancer in this study? (2 points) Explain your choice (max. 4 points).