Overeating, eating fatty foods, or lying down immediately af…

Overeating, eating fatty foods, or lying down immediately after a large meal can all cause heartburn (also known as pyrosis). Heartburn is a painful or burning sensation in the chest that is usually short-lived, but may be confused as a heart attack. Heartburn is usually associated with the reflux of  ____into the esophagus.

Steatohepatitis is a type of fatty liver disease, characteri…

Steatohepatitis is a type of fatty liver disease, characterized by inflammation of the liver with concurrent fat accumulation in liver. It can be caused by chronic, excessive use of alcohol. It involves the accumulation of free fatty acids, which overwhelm the hepatocyte’s ability to maintain lipid homeostasis, leading to a toxic effect as fat molecules accumulate.  Excess lipid accumulates in vesicles that displace the cytoplasm, distort the nucleus, and the cells may burst. This abnormal lipid deposition triggers the immune system via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Which of the following are true with regard to toll-like receptors?