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The pH of urine and consequently, the pH of blood, are regulated in the nephron. Exactly how this occurs depends upon the pH state of the individual. A person with a diet high in fruits and vegetables and little or no animal protein is typically in an “alkaline state”.  A person with a diet that includes animal protein and wheat (a typical American diet) is generally in an “acidic state”. How does the kidney react when the blood is acidic?

If parathyroid hormone levels increase, which of these conditions is expected?

The juxtaglomerular cells of the _____ and the macula densa cells of the ____ form the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Not too long ago, Dr. K’s beloved golden retriever, Cassie, died of lymphoma. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that involves lymphocytes. Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, lethargy and weight loss. Which of the following are classified at lymphocytes?

Ulcerative colitis is classified as an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that involves inflammation of the colon. It affects the innermost layer of the colon. It is characterized by edema(swelling) vascular congestion, hemorrhage (bleeding) and the accumulation of plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. Regarding the layers of the colon, which layer is affected in ulcerative colitis?

As filtrate moves through the ________ in mammals it generally undergoes a dramatic decrease in osmolarity.

Prednisone is a steroid that reduces inflammation and is prescribed to treat conditions such as autoimmune diseases. It produces aldosterone-like affects in the kidney. Predict the effect of prednisone treatment on blood pressure and blood volume.

Increased aldosterone causes _____, while the release of ANP causes____.

 In vertebrates, urea is the product of an energy-consuming metabolic cycle that combines ammonia(NH3) with carbon dioxide in the liver. The main advantage of urea for nitrogenous waste excretion is___

Identify this vessel (be specific, include the portion):