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“Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason.” Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791 The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century?

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750–1900 ?

  A person has a comparative advantage in the production of a good when she or he can produce the product at a(n) ________ opportunity cost compared to another person.  

Which of the following was a major reason for the decline in India’s share of the global manufacture of cotton textiles by the end of the nineteenth century?

  Use the concept of incentives to explain how patent and copyright laws promote innovation.  

Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women’s lives?

“Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner.” Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846 Marx’s statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century?

PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867 Year Children (8–12 years) Women (13 years and over) Men (13 years and over) 1835 15.9 47.3 37.7 1838 7.9 54.0 38.1 1847 7.9 54.9 37.2 1850 6.8 55.3 37.7 1856 7.7 56.2 36.1 1861 9.0 55.8 35.2 1867 10.0 56.1 33.8 Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, “Child Labor and the Factory Acts,” The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament. The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe?

PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867 Year Children (8–12 years) Women (13 years and over) Men (13 years and over) 1835 15.9 47.3 37.7 1838 7.9 54.0 38.1 1847 7.9 54.9 37.2 1850 6.8 55.3 37.7 1856 7.7 56.2 36.1 1861 9.0 55.8 35.2 1867 10.0 56.1 33.8 Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, “Child Labor and the Factory Acts,” The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament. The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the

Some historians have argued that the Haitian Revolution (1791—1804) marks the beginning of the process of decolonization that culminated in the dissolution of European colonial empires after the Second World War. Historians who take this position are likely to place the greatest emphasis on the importance of which of the following in the decolonization process?