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Read each question carefully and identify the choice that best or most specifically completes the statement or answers the question. For reading the instructions on this final exam, here is a bonus for you: Write one thing you want to do this summer in the Explain Your Answer box on question 70 for two points. There are 142 questions worth a total of 250 points (as well as 9 optional Explain Your Answer boxes). The first 25 questions are departmental questions that cover the entire course. Numbers 26–66 cover the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems. The remainder of the exam is comprehensive. You may find it valuable to show your work in the Explain Your Answer boxes if the answer you calculated falls between the given choices due to rounding differences or other errors.

Which of the following can be absorbed from the lumen of the intestine into the blood without further digestion?

What causes the opening of the ion channels at the neuromuscular junction of a muscle?

What phase of the cardiac cycle is the heart in when all four valves of the heart are closed and ventricular pressure is building but is not yet great enough to open a valve?

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce and release stored glucose during exercise?

Molecules with high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane ________.

What is occurring during ventricular ejection?

Who were not considered to be citizens in the Roman society?

In the market of Lepcis Magna, the tabula mensura is used for understanding the differentiating measurements from three different cultures for barley, grain, and other scales of food. Identify the three cultures:

Commodus based his life on the tenets of Greek Stoic philosophy and many of his daily musings are preserved for us in the Meditations.