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Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV had a falling out called the Investiture Crisis. What was it about?

FILL-IN: List ONE specific target of epinephrine and briefly state the effect of epinephrine on that target.

In a typical 28-day ovarian cycle, on which day is ovulation most likely to occur?

Regarding urine formation: which of the following regions is responsible for reabsorbing water from the pre-urine?

FILL-IN: Birds, other reptiles, and spiders excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of a thick, pasty substance that doesn’t dissolve easily in water. This form of nitrogenous waste is called: _____.

The earliest group of vertebrate animals that evolved was the:

Bony fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and jawless fishes share many characteristics, but not all. Which of the following is NOT found in all 3 groups of fishes?

FILL-IN: Briefly explain the advantages of excreting nitrogenous waste in the form of urea rather than in its original form of ammonia.

FILL-IN: Calcitonin is a hormone that lowers the amount of calcium in the blood, whereas parathyroid hormone increases the amount of calcium in the blood. These hormones are referred to as “____ hormones” because their effects are opposites of each other.  Spell carefully.

Which of the following physiological responses is part of the short-term stress response but NOT part of the long-term stress response?