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Use the following information for the next six questions.   Virus’ are known to take over a cell by inserting viral genetic material, a process known as “virulence”. You are studying a new type of flu virus and want to understand if it infects cells using the standard method of inserting virulent DNA or if it infects cells by inserting viral RNA or protein. To determine virulence of the virus you inject mice with the virus and note if the mice survive or die. To determine whether the destructive agent in the virus is protein, DNA, or RNA, you will treat the virus with enzymes that destroy each of the three molecules. You use a protease enzyme to destroy protein, a DNase enzyme to destroy DNA, and an RNase enzyme to destroy RNA in the virus. You then inject the treated virus into the mice to determine if the virus still works by noting if the mice survive or die. The chart indicates the effect on the mice under the various conditions. (A non-virulent strain is a strain that can’t infect another cell. Think of it like an empty syringe.)   Virus Strain Injected Enzymes added Non-virulent cell colony Unknown Virus Known Virus None Survived Died Died Protease Survived Died Died RNase Survived Survived Died DNase Survived Died Survived

Use this information to answer the next three questions. In 1966, Andre Jagendorf and Ernest Uribe published a paper on experiments to study hydrogen ions and ATP production during photosynthesis. The investigators isolated chloroplasts from spinach leaves and disrupted them so that chemical reagents added during the experiment would have access to the thylakoids. These broken chloroplasts were soaked in a “first solution” with a high hydrogen ion concentration and then transferred to a fresh “second solution” at low hydrogen ion concentration. This second solution also contained ADP and inorganic phosphate. The rate of ATP production was measured from the second solution. This table summarizes Jagendorf and Uribe’s results. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (nmol/liter) Trial # First Solution Second Solution Rate of ATP synthesis 1 10,000 5.0 4 nmol/mg 2 25,000 5.0 11 nmol/mg 3 159,000 5.0 28 nmol/mg 4 63.0 63.0 0 nmol/mg 5 10,000 63.0 0 nmol/mg 6 25,000 63.0 0.5 nmol/mg 7 159,000 63.0 8 nmol/mg

Which of the following is not, according to Ackerman, one of the ways that illness interferes with patient autonomy:

Which trial in Jagendorf and Uribe’s experiment serves as the negative control?

According to Goldman, the faulty premise in the argument for strong paternalism is;

Transcription of the following bacterial gene would produce which of the following mRNA sequences? (Note: this is the non-template strand)                             5’  -35 box  -10 box   ATGTTTCATAGGGGG 3’

In which of the following cases might a research physician plausibly claim to be in clinical equipoise about the testing of a novel treatment against a standard treatment?

A nuclear plant worker spilled an extremely radioactive chemical on his skin.  After a few months he started noticing a foul smell and an odd color where he spilled the chemical.  Concerned with his condition, the worker goes to a lab. Upon closer analysis of the patient’s cell growth and production, the doctor notices that the chromosomes of his patient’s cells are mutated and dying because after every round of replication the chromosomes are shortening.  Which one of the following proteins has been inhibited by the radioactive chemical?

According to the lectures, which of the following is NOT part of Reagan’s ‘Three Points’ in terms of the Soviet Union?

A furnace or retort for cremating dead human bodies; a building that houses a retort.