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Edward Jenner and the Control of Smallpox         Edward Jenner (1749–1823) was a physician in western England during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. At that time in Europe and Asia, smallpox was a common disease. Many children died of it, and many who survived were disfigured by scars. It was known that people who had survived smallpox were protected from future infection. It became common practice in those days to deliberately expose healthy children to smallpox.  A less severe form of the disease usually developed and children were protected from future smallpox infections. In 1796, Jenner discovered a safer way to protect against smallpox.  As a physician he often treated milkmaids and other farmworkers who developed a mild illness known as cowpox.  Cowpox caused pox-like sores on the milkmaids’ hands after milking cows with cowpox sores on their teats. Jenner noted that very few of those milkmaids and farmworkers who had been infected with cowpox became sick with smallpox. He asked the question, “Why don’t people who have had cowpox get smallpox?”  Jenner performed an experiment. He took pus-like material from a sore on the hand of a milkmaid named Sarah Nelmes and rubbed it into small cuts on the arm of an 8-year-old boy named James Phipps. James developed the normal mild infection typical of cowpox and completely recovered. Later, Jenner inoculated James and another boy, Larry, with material from a smallpox patient.  (Recall that this was a normal practice at the time.) James did not develop any disease.  Larry developed a case of smallpox.  Jenner’s conclusion was that deliberate exposure to cowpox had protected James from smallpox. Eventually the word vaccination was used to describe the process. It was derived from the Latin words for cow (vacca) and cowpox disease (vaccinae). Adapted from Enger. Copyright 2012 Concepts in Biology. 14th Edition. McGraw-Hill How Science Works 1.1 p. 18   In the experiment, what was the independent variable?

The area on Earth that consists of all the environments that support life is the ________________.

The complex 3-D structure of this molecule is made up of a primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes a quartenary levels.

Match the following protein structures with the proper type.   A. B. C. D.

The simplest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element is a(n)__________.

What is the atomic mass of a Silicone atom with 16 neutrons?  

A person diagnosed with hypernautremia

Consider the steps of the Na+ / K+ pump for active transport. Place the steps in the correct order.

Consider the image below of the body compartments. Identify and click on the body compartment where you would expect to find the pancreas.

5 Exploración cultural. Read the following article about health care in Costa Rica. Then answer the questions. (10 points)   Además de tener una naturaleza rica y variada y una industria ecoturística que le da envidia a cualquier otro país, Costa Rica también desarrolla otra industria turística: la da pacientes que buscan atención médica fuera de su propio país, o sea turistas médicos. Y Costa Rica parece ser un país excelente adonde viajar para recibir tratamientos médicos porque la Organización Mundial de la Salud clasificó su sistema sanitario como uno de los mejores en Latinoamérica. De hecho (In fact), Costa Rica tiene dos sistemas —uno público y otro privado— y los dos funcionan de maravilla, en parte, porque siempre se actualizan, construyen hospitales nuevos, compran equipo médico nuevo y mejoran el entrenamiento del personal. A pesar de (Despite) estos avances, las autoridades sanitarias logran mantener costes reducidos sin perjudicar la calidad de los servicios que ofrecen. Es más (Moreover), Costa Rica cuenta con dos hospitales acreditados por la Joint Commission International, una organización respetada mundialmente que trabaja en mejorar la seguridad de los pacientes y la calidad de la atención médica en la comunidad internacional. Así que quien se enferma o sufre de un trastorno médico puede optar por ir a Costa Rica para recibir un tratamiento excelente a un precio razonable. Además, conozco a alguien que sufrió un ataque al corazón cuando visitó Costa Rica el año pasado, y me cuenta que unos vecinos lo llevaron a un hospital que solo estaba a tres millas (only three miles away) de su hotel. Allí recibió un diagnóstico en menos de 30 minutos y lo transportaron a otro hospital donde trabaja uno de los mejores cardiólogos del país. Solo pagó unos $500 dólares por su tratamiento, y mi amigo asegura que no habría recibido (wouldn’t have received) mejor tratamiento en Estados Unidos. Es obvio que cualquier país puede aprender de los logros (achievements) de Costa Rica.   Usando tus propias palabras, explica lo que es el turismo médico. (1 point) El autor menciona autoridades u organizaciones para apoyar su argumento. Nombra dos. (1 point) Cita dos ejemplos del texto que muestran que Costa Rica tiene sistemas sanitarios modernos. (1 point) ¿Para qué sirve la anécdota personal al final del artículo? (2 points)