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Wood from an ancient stump has a ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 that is one-fourth that of new wood. About how old is the stump? (Carbon-14’s half-life is 5730 years.)

S seismic waves can travel only through ______________.

An example of igneous rock is

In terms of geologic time, we are living in the __________ eon which began about 541 millions of years ago and the Holocene Epoch which began about 0.01 millions of years ago at the end of the last ice age.

Fossils that are useful in correlating rock layers are called

Most of the active volcanoes are located in an area along the margins of the Pacific Ocean known as the _____________.

A naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic element or compound that possesses a fairly definite chemical composition and a distinctive set of physical properties is called a(n) ________________.

Most, but not all, geologists believe the Earth’s age to be about______________ years.

The Richter scale for the severity of earthquakes has magnitudes expressed in whole numbers, usually between 3 and 9, but since it is a logarithmic scale, each whole-number step represents about _________ times more energy than the preceding whole-number step.

Most earthquake damage is caused by