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[BLANK-1] spent much of his reign working to modernize Russia along western lines. He sought to extend Russian territory to the Black and Baltic Seas with wars against the Ottoman Empire and Sweden. He toured Western Europe for 18 months attempting to form an anti-Ottoman alliance. His efforts failed, but what he saw in Western Europe reinforced his desire to imitate that region’s political and economic successes. He built Russia’s first naval base, increased service requirements for commoners, altered inheritance laws to conform to unigeniture, and built a western-style capital along the Baltic. He continued his emphasis on westernization by requiring nobles to shave their beards and wear western-style clothing. Nobles were required to attend western-style parties where men and women mixed together and were free to choose their own spouse.

Support for the French Revolution was not uniform; regions in France (particularly in the south and the west) were more traditional, loyal to the Old Regime, and fiercely religious. Unsurprisingly, these regions resisted the radical change brought about by the French Revolution. As the revolutionaries found themselves essentially fighting a civil war while also fighting wars against a number of European powers, their response to these revolting regions turned violent. The greatest example of this violent reaction to counterrevolutionaries was [BLANK-1] where roughly 140,000 Frenchmen were killed and there were mass drownings in Nantes.

During the Ming Dynasty in China, Emperor Chengzu moved the imperial capital from Nanjing to Beijing in the early fifteenth century. There, he constructed an enormous and opulent palace complex known as [BLANK-1]. It had close to 10,000 rooms and was enclosed by walls forty feet high.

One of the results of the Industrial Revolution was increased restrictions placed on workers and state-sponsorship of these restrictions through new legislation. In 1799, the English Parliament passed [BLANK-1]. This legislation outlawed labor unions and the ability of workers to go on strikes. This was a significant victory for British factory owners but a bitter defeat for skilled artisans, who protested the legislation until it was repealed in 1824.

The Ashikaga Shogunate​​Aurangzeb​Bernadette of Lourdes​Carpet-Making​Catherine the Great​Devshirme​The Forbidden City​Francis Bacon​Frederick the Great​The Glorious Revolution​The Iberian Union​The Italian Renaissance​Jiyza​Kangxi​Konoike Shinroku​Mary Wollstonecraft​Matteo Ricci​Mercantilism​Oliver Cromwell​Peter the Great​Polo​The Public Sphere​Rene Descartes​The Russo-Japanese War​Taghaza​Tan Yunxian​The Thirty Years’ War​Timur​The Tsetse Fly​Zhu Yuanzhang

A young peasant from rural France named [BLANK-1] experienced visions of the Virgin Mary at a local grotto in 1858. Hundreds of thousands of invalids and religious pilgrims visited and toured the grotto in hopes of acquiring a miraculous cure or some blessing from the Virgin Mary. This event, which occurred well after Enlightenment ideas had circulated among Europe, suggests that the movement had little effect on the common people. Particularly in predominantly Catholic areas (such as rural France) the belief in religion and the supernatural continued well after the Enlightenment had supposedly secularized European societies.

A Chinese military commander called [BLANK-1], later known as the Hongwu Emperor and Emperor Taizu of Ming, overthrew the Yuan Dynasty in China and founded the Ming Dynasty in 1368. This emperor distrusted and disliked Confucian scholars and responded to criticism of his rule with cruel executions. His decision-making and behavior were so erratic that it is likely that he suffered from at least one severe mental illness. One example of his capriciousness and cruelty was that he had thousands of officials executed because they took shortcuts when writing down grain tax records in 1376.

The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw the largest Muslim incursions into Europe since the 700s as Ottoman Turks expanded into European sections of the Byzantine Empire. Muslims came to control all or part of the Balkans, Wallachia, Serbia, Bosnia, Greece, and Crimea. Under Muslim rule, Christians were expected to provide boys from their families as slaves for the Ottomans. This process of mandatory enslavement of Balkan Christian boys by Ottoman Muslims was known as [BLANK-1].

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Chart the major cultural changes that occurred in French society during the French Revolution. What was the rationale behind the changes and how were they designed to change the worldview of the French people? Which aspects of French society were particularly resistant to these changes?Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first in England? What specific natural advantages did England have that allowed it to take the lead in the Industrial Revolution? What aspects of English society, government, and economic system gave the country an edge? Which industries were the most prominent and profitable in the early Industrial Revolution in England?Trace the regression of the Qing Dynasty from a dominant global economic and political power in 1800 to a state fighting for its very existence by 1900. What foreign and domestic threats had eroded Qing sovereignty, political stability, and economic solvency during this timeframe? What issues did Chinese reformers and revolutionaries seek to address in this era? Describe in detail at least three major threats to Qing rule.

The exploitation of child labor was an unfortunate aspect of the Industrial Revolution. In early industrial countries like England, children worked long hours in unsafe conditions. The English Parliament organized [BLANK-1], which interviewed mine workers and employers to examine the conditions and to investigate the effects of child labor (as well as the moral concerns regarding women and girls working alongside men in the mines). The investigation revealed atrocious working conditions, sexual and physical abuse, and an unsavory environment for children. It led directly to the Mines Act of 1842, which banned women and girls from working underground in Britain and banned children under 10 from working in the mines.