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Kolby is a long distance truck driver, and despite taking regular breaks and stretching, he often experiences painful muscle spasms.  Would taking a muscle relaxant be an appropriate solution for Kolby?

CASE STUDY #1: Your patient is a 72 year old man who has had both knees replaced and has a history of heart conditions including hypertension, a heart attack and a triple bypass in 2018.  He is not allergic to any medications and is taking the hypertensive medication Losartan and is on the anti-coagulant medication Coumadin.  His physician wants him to take a pre-medication before dental visits. His vitals with you today are BP: 130/92, pulse 80 and respirations 12.  He says that he has been having some chest pains lately and has scheduled an appointment to see his physician.  During your appointment, he starts to have some pain in the chest.  Using this scenario to answer the following questions. QUESTION: Besides pain in the upper body, all of the following are possible signs and symptoms that your patient is having a heart attack, except:

Symptoms of hyperglycemia include:

The PMHNP student knows the patient is anxious and is experiencing a stress response, which includes the symptom of a pounding, fast heart rate. The student knows these symptoms or physiological responses are the result of the ligand _____________ activating the secondary messenger _____________.  

In patients with heart failure, the cardiac glycosides act by ________.

After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. The WHNP realizes this is an example of what hormonal process?

How long should a patient with acute renal injury, stage IV or V renal disease, or an estimated GFR < 30 withhold taking their Metformin after an IV iodinated contrast study?

A healthcare professional is working with a person who drinks several 6-packs of beer a week. What testing does the professional prioritize ordering on this patient to assess for cellular injury related the his alcohol intake?

The NP student reviews a coronary calcium score in a patient’s chart and notices it is quite high, in the 98th percentile for age and sex. The student realizes this was caused by 

The NNP is concerned their patient is experiencing intestinal ischemia; ischemia results in what cellular change?