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The paintings of the German artist [BLANK-1] are among the best representations of the Romanticism movement. This artist’s paintings embodied key themes of Romanticism – including the primacy of nature, a spiritual and mystical religiosity, emotionality, the power of the individual, and unrestrained imagination.

During the Industrial Revolution, many workers (especially women) struggled with the new [BLANK-1] required for factory work. The workday became far more regimented as employees now worked in a factory under supervision of a manager, rather than at home at their own pace. Childcare proved incompatible with this new concept of industrial work; working mothers struggled to adapt to the regimented day of industrial labor in ways they had not in pre-industrial eras when they had more flexibility for their work hours. This contributed significantly to the sexual division of labor that developed during the Industrial Revolution.

Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Answers need to be at least 4-5 sentences long. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:AkbarDavid LivingstoneThe Dutch Golden AgeHürremThe Meiji RestorationThe Ming Dynasty’s Civil Service ExamThe Ming Dynasty’s Eunuch BureaucracyThe Protestant ReformationThe Tokugawa ShogunateThe Trans-Saharan Trade

A Russian absolutist leader named [BLANK-1] ruled the country from 1762-1796 and embodied the concept of Enlightened Absolutism. During this monarch’s reign, Russia attempted to modernize and westernize. Education opportunities for Russian citizens improved, the use of torture was restricted, local governance was streamlined, and religious toleration was expanded. Not all of this leader’s policies were enlightened, however, as serfdom and noble privileges were extended, Poland was partitioned, and the Mongols and Tartars were subjugated.

A highlight of armed African resistance against European rule came during the Anglo-Zulu War. In 1879, during [BLANK-1], 22,000 Zulu warriors defeated 1,350 British and indigenous troops, marking the single greatest defeat the British ever suffered against a non-European foe.

During the French Revolution, all men were given full citizenship rights and became “active citizens” who could vote; women, on the other hand, were considered “passive citizens,” had fewer rights, and were unable to vote. Some women, like the playwright [BLANK-1], pointed out the hypocrisy of this double standard in the context of the Enlightenment-inspired principles of the revolution. In a clear reference to the revolution’s main statement of principles, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, this playwright wrote a response called The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen in 1791. The author would later be executed during the Reign of Terror (though not for her feminist ideas). French women would not gain the right to vote until 1944.

[BLANK-1] occurred in 1871 following France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. The French government had capitulated but no occupational force arrived in the capital; the National Guard and the remaining citizens became increasingly radicalized and politicized, eventually opening fire on the French army regulars. The people had faced a harsh winter and low rations, resorting even to eating the animals in the city zoo. Eventually, the people formed a provisional government with some liberal and some socialist aspects. Women gained much greater individual rights and workhouses provided plentiful employment for the war-ravaged populace. When the French army returned to the city in May, 1871, this group resisted them, preferring the provisional government they had created and expressing outrage that the army had fled the city and left them. The result was a massacre of the populace by the army as tens of thousands of citizens were killed by their country’s own troops.

By the sixteenth century, Portugal was unable to maintain the dominance it had once held in terms of international trade and Atlantic exploration. Spain, too, was facing serious crises due to prolonged military conflicts (and defeats), a stagnant economy, and a declining population. Spurred on by Portugal’s succession crisis, Spain absorbed the country in what was called [BLANK-1] and Portugal ceased to exist as an independent country from 1580-1640.

A conservative foreign minister, Klemens von Metternich, oversaw [BLANK-1] which had been convened by the Quadruple Alliance in 1814-1815, toward the end of the Napoleonic Wars. In addition to trying to negotiate a lasting peace after decades of war in Europe (owing to the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars), this diplomatic session became a key example of conservatism as a political philosophy (and the dominant philosophy in Europe until the mid-century). Attendees saw the French Revolution, the expansion of the franchise, and republicanism as huge mistakes and sought to return European government to what it had been prior to the revolution. The summit’s goals included limiting Russian influence in Europe, restoring power to the traditional elites like hereditary monarchies and the nobility, preventing France from growing too powerful, and organizing a balance-of-power system in order to prevent general war in Europe.

One major cultural change that occurred during the French Revolution was de-Christianization. An early example of this came in 1790 with [BLANK-1]. Dioceses were redistricted to conform to the new départements, priests were elected by active citizens and forced to take a loyalty oath to France, and church salaries were paid by the state.