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In the manufacture of a drug substance by cooling crystallisation at 250°C there are 260 g L-1 solute in solution. The saturated solubility of the solute at 60°C is 20 g L-1. What is the amount of the solute that can be crystallised in 1 L by cooling down to 60°C?  

Now answer all the following questions. You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources which you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. 1 Study Sources A and B. How far do these two sources agree? Explain your answer using details of the sources. {7}   2 Study Sources C and D. How similar are these two cartoons? Explain your answer using details of the sources and your knowledge. {8}   3 Study Source E. What is the cartoonist’s message?  Explain your answer  using  details  of  the  source  and  your knowledge. {8}   4 Study Source F. Are you surprised by  this  source?  Explain  your  answer  using  details  of  the  source  and  your  knowledge. {8}   5 Study Sources G and H. How far does Source G prove that Source H is wrong? Explain your answer using details of the sources and your knowledge {7}   6 Study all the sources. How far do these sources provide convincing evidence that the League of Nations was a failure?  Use the sources to explain your answer. {12}

1.a Explain why Africa was the focus of an international conference in Berlin in 1884. (10)

SOURCE F I  would  like  to  speak  about  the  League  and  the  policy  of  collective  security  which  we  have  whole-heartedly supported with such disappointing results. The dispute between Italy and Abyssinia was a perfect opportunity for the exercise of that policy. It has been tried based on sanctions and it has failed to prevent war, failed to save the victim from the aggressor. The other day the President of the League of Nations said that if we were to pursue the policy of sanctions it was still possible to preserve the independence of Abyssinia. That seems to me to be madness. We must admit we have tried to impose upon the League a task which was beyond its powers to fulfill. It is time to limit the functions of the League so that they match with its real powers.  But if the League is to be limited in that way it must be admitted that it could no longer be relied upon to secure the peace of the world. From a speech by Neville Chamberlain, a leading member of the British  government, June 1936.

SOURCE E

1.b The signing of a Treaty of Alliance with Britain in 1902 marked Japan’s emergence as a significant power.’ How far do you agree? (20)

Calculate the change in entropy associated with a hospital freezer lightbulb being activated upon opening the freezer door for 10 seconds. Assume the following: i) the freezer maintains a constant temperature of -80 oC throughout;  ii) zero Kelvin = -273 oC; iii) the bulb emits 2.5 J s-1 in the form of heat.    

Now answer all the following questions. You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources which you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. 1 Study Sources A and B. How far do these two sources agree? Explain your answer using details of the sources. {7}   2 Study Sources C and D. How similar are these two cartoons? Explain your answer using details of the sources and your knowledge. {8}   3 Study Source E. What is the cartoonist’s message?  Explain your answer  using  details  of  the  source  and  your knowledge. {8}   4 Study Source F. Are you surprised by  this  source?  Explain  your  answer  using  details  of  the  source  and  your  knowledge. {8}   5 Study Sources G and H. How far does Source G prove that Source H is wrong? Explain your answer using details of the sources and your knowledge {7}   6 Study all the sources. How far do these sources provide convincing evidence that the League of Nations was a failure?  Use the sources to explain your answer. {12}

SOURCE A It became clear very quickly that the League would be just an addition to existing international relations mechanisms and often one to be kept at arm’s length; Britain and France had no intention of allowing the Treaty’s  enforcement  to  become  a  League  responsibility.  It  is  also  not  clear  whether  the  ‘new  diplomacy’ achieved different results than the ‘old’ diplomacy might have done in similar circumstances. The League, however, did have its uses. Handing over the government of Danzig and the Saar to  the  League  solved  tricky  problems.  The  League’s  beneficial  role  in  inhibiting  slavery,  international  prostitution  and  the  trading  of  drugs,  in  promoting  the  protection  of  refugees,  and  preventing  and  controlling disease, was acknowledged. It enjoyed successes in the Swedish-Finnish quarrel over the  Aaland Islands in 1920 and in the Greece-Bulgaria dispute of 1925, but significantly, both were in  accessible parts of Europe, were between minor states, and did not involve the direct interests of a  great power. The League was much less effective where any of these criteria did not apply. It was in Abyssinia in 1935 that the demands of the old and new diplomacies came into sharpest conflict. The circumstances meant that the credibility of the League and the ‘new’ diplomacy became linked with the response to this problem. The lessons were painful. The League had ended in failure. It had been based on too many paradoxes: the attempt to create collective security in a world of sovereign national states and the hope of international democracy in a world dominated by great powers. After Abyssinia the League became an increasing irrelevance. From a history book published in 2010.

2.b To what extent was 1925 a turning point in international relations in the 1920s? (20)