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“I have this morning witnessed one of the most interesting scenes a free people can ever witness.  The changes of administration, which in every government and in every age have most generally been epochs of confusion, villainy and bloodshed, in this our happy country take place without any species of distraction, or disorder.”-from a letter by a Philadelphia woman to her sister-in-law about the pride she felt on the occasion of Thomas Jefferson’s inauguration as third president of the United States in 1801Based on the sentiment expressed in the quote, why might Jefferson believe it necessary to claim, “we are all [Democratic-]Republicans, we are all Federalists,” in his inaugural address?

“Each public officer who takes an oath to support the Constitution swears that he will support it as he understands it, and not as it is understood by others.  It is as much the duty of the House of Representatives, of the Senate, and of the President, to decide upon the constitutionality of any bill or resolution which may be presented to them for passage or approval, as it is of the Supreme Judges when it may be brought before them for judicial decision.  The opinion of the Judges has no more authority over Congress than the opinion of Congress has over the Judges; and, on that point, the President is independent of both.  The authority of the Supreme Court must not, therefore, be permitted to control the Congress or the Executive when acting in their legislative capacities, but to have only such influence as the force of their reasoning may deserve.”-Andrew Jackson, veto message, July 10, 1832Jackson’s message seems to be challenging which of the following constitutional principles?

“There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy.  It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three eighths of our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half of our inhabitants… Not so can it ever be in the hands of France:  the impetuosity of her temper, the energy and restlessness of her character, placed in a point of eternal friction with us, … render it impossible that France and the U.S. can continue long friends, when they meet in so irritable a position… The day that France takes possession of New Orleans…we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation.”Thomas Jefferson, 1802In order to effect control of New Orleans, Jefferson had to

“It is not denied that there are implied as well as express powers, and that the former are as effectually delegated as the latter. “It is conceded that implied powers are to be considered as delegated equally with express ones.  Then it follows, that as a power of erecting a corporation [such as a bank] may as well be implied as any other thing, it may as well be employed as an instrument or means of carrying into execution any of the specified powers… But one may be erected in relation to the trade with foreign countries, or to the trade between the States…because it is the province of the federal government to regulate those objects, and because it is incident to a general sovereign or legislative power to regulate a thing, to employ all the means which relate to its regulation to the best and greatest advantage.”-Alexander Hamilton, Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, 1791Hamilton’s constitutional argument was based on which of the following types of powers?

“11. That Kansas should, of right, be immediately admitted as a state under the Constitution recently formed and adopted by her people, and accepted by the House of Representatives. “12. That, while providing revenue for the support of the general government by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an adjustment of these imposts as to encourage the development of the industrial interests of the whole country… “13. That we protest against any sale or alienation to others of the public lands held by actual settlers… and we demand the passage by congress of the complete and satisfactory Homestead measure which has already passed the House. “14. That the Republican Party is opposed to any change in our Naturalization Laws, or any State legislation by which the rights of citizenship hitherto accorded by emigrants from foreign lands shall be abridged or impaired… “16. That a Railroad to the Pacific Ocean is imperatively demanded by the interests of the whole country; that the Federal Government ought to render immediate and efficient aid in its construction.”-Republican Party Platform, 1860The most immediate result of Lincoln’s election was that

We drift fast toward war with England, but I think we shall not reach that point.  The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all harm they can and to give all possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and woman-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader, manufacturer, and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name still suggests… She cannot ally herself with slavery, as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to [Yankee] privateers, and diminishing the supply of [Northern] breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life.  On the other side, however, is the consideration that by allowing piratical Alabamas to be built, armed, and manned in her ports to prey on our commerce, she is making a great deal of money.”-George Templeton Strong, New York Lawyer, Diary, 1863 The Union was most disturbed because they believed hat Britain was supporting the Confederacy by doing which of th following?

“…for having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against His Majesty’s loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us.”Declaration of Nathaniel Bacon, leader of a rebellion of freemen [former indentured servants] against Royal Governor William Berkeley [1676]“I have lived thirty-four years amongst you [Virginians], as uncorrupt and diligent as ever [a] Governor was, [while] Bacon is a man of two years amongst you, his person and qualities unknown to most of you, and to all men else, by any virtuous act that ever I heard of…I will take counsel of wiser men than myself, but Mr. Bacon has none about him but the lowest of the people.”Response of Governor William Berkeley to news of the grievances of Nathaniel Bacon [1676]Which of these major developments was caused in part by conflicts between former indentured servants and he landed gentry?

“To understand political power…we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that it is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions…within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man… “Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into a community must be understood to give up all the power necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community…And this is done by barely agreeing to unite into one political society…And thus that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capable of a majority to unite…And this is that…which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world.”-John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690How is the topic of Locke’s writing similar to most writing in the colonies in the 18th century?

“Though we have had war, reconstruction, and abolition as a nation, we still linger in the shadow and blight of an extinct institution.  Though the colored man is no longer subject to be bought and sold, he is still surrounded by an adverse sentiment… In his downward course he meets no resistance, but his course upward is resented and resisted at every step of his progress… “If liberty, with us, is yet but a name, our citizenship is but a sham, and our suffrage thus far only a cruel mockery, we may yet congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the laws and institutions of this country are sound, just, and liberal.  There is hope… But until this nation shall make its practice accord with its Constitution and its righteous laws, it will not do to reproach the colored people of this country.”-Frederick Douglass, Speech, September 24, 1883Which of the following would in part cause Douglass’ view that for African Americans, “citizenship is but a sham?”

“11. That Kansas should, of right, be immediately admitted as a state under the Constitution recently formed and adopted by her people, and accepted by the House of Representatives. “12. That, while providing revenue for the support of the general government by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an adjustment of these imposts as to encourage the development of the industrial interests of the whole country… “13. That we protest against any sale or alienation to others of the public lands held by actual settlers… and we demand the passage by congress of the complete and satisfactory Homestead measure which has already passed the House. “14. That the Republican Party is opposed to any change in our Naturalization Laws, or any State legislation by which the rights of citizenship hitherto accorded by emigrants from foreign lands shall be abridged or impaired… “16. That a Railroad to the Pacific Ocean is imperatively demanded by the interests of the whole country; that the Federal Government ought to render immediate and efficient aid in its construction.”-Republican Party Platform, 1860The Republican Party platform of 1860 was an indication that the party