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A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department with a 4-day history of colicky right flank pain that radiates to the groin and hematuria. Ultrasound examination of the kidneys shows right-sided hydronephrosis and a dilated ureter. Which of the following is most likely to be found on urinalysis?

A 54 year old man suffers an acute myocardial infarction and is admitted to the hospital. He has severe hypotension and requires pressors (IV catecholamines) to support his blood pressure. Two days later the following labs are obtained as his urine output has declined. What is the most likely cause of the patient’s elevation in serum creatinine level given the information provided? 

An elderly woman patient is post-op from having a subdural hematoma surgically evaluated. On post-op day 1 her urine output declines and she becomes lethargic and obtunded. Laboratory testing is performed. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

How is total body phophate predominantly controlled?

In advanced prostatic cancer, which is the most important therapy?

Regarding autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), what is the current state of the art approach for monitoring disease progression and subsequent management?

A patient has long-standing, poorly controlled hypertension. The patient has no symptoms of uremia. The lab data are below. Similar data are observed 6 months later. What is the correct assessment of the patient’s renal function? 

Which one of the following groups contains ONLY drugs that are potassium-sparing diuretics that may be used in combination with other diuretics to minimize hypokalemia? 

What disease matches the following description: (1) proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells and expansion of the mesangial matrix (2) thickening of the peripheral capillary walls by subendothelial immune deposits and (3) mesangial interposition into the capillary wall with the formation of double-contouring by light microscopy (silver stains).

What is the most commonly recommended anti-hypertensive medication (or group of mediations) for use in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?