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True or false: Carbohydrates include glucose, lactose, and glycogen.

If the chemical driving force for a potassium ion is in opposition to the electrical driving force for the potassium ion, which of the following will be true?

Like sodium chloride, each sodium fluoride unit (NaF) dissociates to two ions when dissolved in water. What is the osmolarity of an aqueous (i.e., in water) solution containing only 25 grams of NaF per liter of water?

Based on your knowledge of signal amplification, which type of chemical messenger can have relatively small concentrations within the bloodstream and still get a large response?

While working in a pharmacology lab, you develop a new compound that you think shows a lot of promise; however, you observe a concerning side effect: NADH now interacts with complex II instead of complex I. True or false: This change would lead to increased efficiency of ATP production.

Damage to white matter would mostly affect ________ while damage to gray matter would affect ________.

True or false: The Na+/K+ pump (ATPase) requires 2 ATPs to transport both Na+ and K+.

What could you do to move a bicarbonate ion up its concentration gradient?

In the process of translation, ________ is synthesized in the ________.

True or false: Sodium is always passively transported.