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The only Italian city that was strong enough to keep its autonomy well into the 18th century was _______.

Due to the 15th century Italian building boom, ___________ was the only northern European city as large Venice, Naples, or Milan.

Most cathedral failures came from _____________________________.

In the pursuit of _______________________, charcoal, coal, coke, and coal gas were all either essential to the process, or became a by-product of the process that served mankind in other capacities. 

On which massive ancient structure were the workers instructed to finish the stone at the quarry, and transport it in, so that no hammer or chisel or any iron tool was heard in the temple while it was being built; and that the stone blocks had to fit together perfectly, as no mortar or clamps would be used to hold the stones in place?

During its lifetime, the Sophia Hagai has served as all of these, save one.  Which is the one ?

The _________________________________ method of determining the size of the footprint of a building estimated the footprint size of the Cathedral in Bern, Switzerland (left) to within 60 mm before it was built. 

Of these, which is the Masterbuilder that had the greatest influence on the construction of the Duomo?

The key ingredient in medieval mortar was ___________________________.

Four Structural Innovations Allowed the construction of Medieval Cathedrals.  Which of these was not one of these innovations?