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Originating in large part from Vladimir Ilyich Lenin’s dictatorial measures, [BLANK-1] pitted the Reds (Bolsheviks) against the Whites (a disparate and loosely-united group who opposed socialist, soviet control). Despite more than a dozen countries (such as the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, and others) joining the Whites in this conflict due to their fears of a socialist country, the Reds emerged victorious. Several factors led to the Red victory such as having the superior army, controlling the center of the country, the use of war communism, and the loose alliance binding the Whites together. The Reds used the Red Terror and the Cheka to keep order and maintain control of the country during this conflict, and more than 250,000 people were executed as class enemies during this period. The Soviet Union would harbor longstanding resentment against the capitalistic democracies who joined the Whites and fought against the Reds in this affair

National governments played a key role in supporting industrialization, especially in continental Europe. In German states a customs union known as [BLANK-1] developed in 1834. This customs union allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs, while it erected a single uniform tariff against other nations. Austria’s unwillingness to join this customs union ensured that it would develop along different political lines than other German-speaking states.

The Algeciras Conference​​The Atlantic Charter​The Battle of Isandlwana​The Battle of Omdurman​The Battle of Tannenberg​The Battle of the Somme​Black Shirts​Blaise Diagne​Brown Shirts​The Dawes Plan​The Folies Bergere​The Gallipoli Campaign​Gin and Tonic​H. G. Wells​The Keating-Owen Act​Le Bon Marche​Leopold II​Max Planck​The Munich Agreement​New Economic Policy​The Night of the Long Knives​Pablo Picasso​The Provisional Government​The Russian Civil War​The Spanish Civil War​Stella Court Treatt​The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk​Walking Cities​The Weimar Republic​Zollverein

Anti-fascist governments sprang up across Europe following WWII. Germany, particularly, was quick to distance itself from its Nazi past. German Chancellor [BLANK-1] ran the country from 1969-1974 and admitted Germany’s responsibility for WWII. Instead of distancing himself from the culpability of the war and the humanitarian crises associated with it, he dedicated much of his administration to memorializing Holocaust victims.

The Japanese concept of [BLANK-1] means “sense of purpose,” “reason for living,” or “that which makes life worth living.” While this concept will vary from person to person, for many societies common answers would include family, religion, or romantic relationships. By the 1970s and 1980s, for many Japanese citizens, particularly Japanese men, the answer came to be work. Business and one’s company became the most important part of life for Japanese men. There were (and continue to be) cultural expectations of a seven-day work week, long hours on the job, and a total devotion to one’s job. Employees at exclusive firms in Japan often work between 18-20 hours each day, seven days a week, in order to display their devotion to the company.

A popular science fiction and horror novelist of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, [BLANK-1] exemplified many of western society’s fears during the Age of Anxiety. His works such as The Time Machine (1895) and The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896) took humanism and evolution to its end point, showing that evolution could continue beyond human beings and questioning what actually makes a man a man. Other novels, like War of the Worlds (1898) and The War in the Air (1907) examined anxieties of the destructive power of science and technology. This British fiction author predicted future technologies such as aerial bombers and atomic bombs.

A well-known modern artist from Spain, [BLANK-1] experimented with Proto-Cubism and Cubism prior to WWI, and Surrealism after WWI. One of his most famous works, Guernica (1937), was an anti-war work that criticized the war crimes of the fascist nationalists and Nazis during the Spanish Civil War.

In 1915, British forces tried unsuccessfully to take the Dardanelles and Constantinople from the Ottomans during [BLANK-1]. Casualties were high on both sides. Thousands of Australians and New Zealanders participated in this conflict.

[BLANK-1] were Nazi death squads during the Holocaust. Historians such as Christopher Browning and Timothy Snyder have argued that these death squads were made up of “ordinary men” who were neither ideologically indoctrinated “super Nazis” nor men who came to the Nazi Party early in the 1930s. Instead, they tended to be older or less fit men who were not ideal for fighting on the front lines. These death squads, however, perpetrated the majority of the Holocaust, killing large numbers of undesirables in numerous but relatively small encounters on the eastern front.

What concept in Anglo-Saxon society refers to the reciprocal relationship between a lord and his warriors?