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Which occurs first in the withdrawal reflex?

Which of the following would indicate anemia?

What type of cell enters into an inflamed tissue area and is then converted into a macrophage, which attacks invaders by phagocytosis?

Explain your answer to the previous question, if desired.

Which of the following is responsible for digesting starch in the small intestine?

George is forming urine at a rate of 1.3 ml/min. His urine inulin concentration is 9.5 mg/ml, his urine PAH concentration in 6.0 mg/ml, and his urine Substance Q concentration is 3.6 mg/ml. His plasma inulin concentration is 0.15 mg/ml, his plasma PAH concentration is 0.02 mg/ml, and his plasma Substance Q concentration is 0.8 mg/ml. What is George’s filtration fraction?

Read each question carefully and identify the choice that best or most specifically completes the statement or answers the question. For reading the instructions on this final exam, here is a bonus for you: Write one thing you want to do this summer in the Explain Your Answer box on question 70 for two points. There are 142 questions worth a total of 250 points (as well as 9 optional Explain Your Answer boxes). The first 25 questions are departmental questions that cover the entire course. Numbers 26–66 cover the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems. The remainder of the exam is comprehensive. You may find it valuable to show your work in the Explain Your Answer boxes if the answer you calculated falls between the given choices due to rounding differences or other errors.

Which of the following can be absorbed from the lumen of the intestine into the blood without further digestion?

What causes the opening of the ion channels at the neuromuscular junction of a muscle?

What phase of the cardiac cycle is the heart in when all four valves of the heart are closed and ventricular pressure is building but is not yet great enough to open a valve?