“The authors and promoters of this desperate conspiracy have…

“The authors and promoters of this desperate conspiracy have…meant only to amuse, by vague expressions of attachment to the parent state, and the strongest protestations of loyalty to me, whilst they were preparing for a general revolt… The resolutions of Parliament breathed a spirit of moderation and forbearance; conciliatory propositions accompanied the measures taken to enforce authority… I have acted with the same temper, anxious to prevent, if it had been possible…the calamities which are inseparable from a state of war; still hoping that my people in America would have discerned the traitorous views of their leaders, and have been convinced, that to be a subject of Great Britain, with all its consequences, is to be the freest member of any civil society in the known world.”-King George III, Speech to Parliament, October 27, 1775Based on the excerpt, which of the following best describes King George’s view of the colonists?

“We hold…that on their separation from the Crown of Great Br…

“We hold…that on their separation from the Crown of Great Britain, the several colonies became free and independent States, each enjoying the separate and independent right of self-government; and that no authority can be exercised over them…but by their consent… It is equally true, that the States…that the government created by it is a joint agency of the States, appointed to execute the powers enumerated and granted by that instrument; that all its acts not intentionally authorized are of themselves essentially null and void, and that the States have the right… to pronounce, in the last resort, authoritative judgement on the usurpations of the Federal Government… Such we deem to be inherent rights of the States.”-John C. Calhoun, statement adopted by a convention in South Carolina, 1832As described in the excerpt, which individual or body makes the final decision on whether a law is valid in a state?